The trails of OZ Free Essays

* Three editors of a magazine (OZ) were charged on three tallies: scheme to degenerate open ethics, a profane article, and an obscene item sent through the post. * The release of the magazine was not an incredible version of the magazine. It had depictions of oral sex and a hostile ‘Rupert the bear’ animation strip. We will compose a custom article test on The path of OZ or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now * The adjudicator was Michael Argyle Q. C. ; who might force overwhelming sentences ‘if the jury indicted. ’ * The jury was drawn from a specific social gathering (People who claimed property); in this way none were pre-arranged to the sort of diary OZ was. The arraignment had the magazine as its lone display and the court was informed that it was ‘unacceptable from a family purpose of view’. * Dr. Edward De Bono is a superior guard observer, as he isn’t threatened and cunning as was Dr. Michael Schofield. The preliminary goes for sic a long time in the mid year of 1971 and the court made for incredible theater. * The appointed authority was not especially for the more sexual parts of the preliminary and experiences difficulty in grappling with slang, for example, ‘sucking’, ‘blowing’, ‘going down’ and ‘yodeling in the canyon’. Robertson goes on to the point out the preservationist idea of Judge Argyle including how he has a glass decimated on the grounds that a man who once had a venereal illness drank from it. Robertson tells how the case ‘became a crash of social incomprehension’ and caused division even among the press. Strain was likewise expanded as a result of the custom and convention of the Old Baily Court. * The custom camouflaged a lot of theater in the background in a criminal preliminary here everything else practiced somewhat and prevarication was overflowing. Likewise the appointed authority was required to bring the proof down in longhand and this made him significant. In this specific case Judge Argyle gave some predisposition towards witnesses including Ronald Dworkin, an Oxford educator and furthermore Marty Feldman, the entertainer, who didn’t make the vow and neglected to dazzle the appointed authority. * The preliminary was additionally held under the strictest security with death dangers being made against the appointed authority and the court assistant. It turns out the dangers were made by the clerk’s spouse who was later arraigned and condemned to a mental organization. * Towards the finish of the preliminary the resistance appears in ‘good shape’ yet the condemning forces of the adjudicator were as yet a worry. On occasion the preliminary verged on contending that ‘nothing †¦ could debase and corrupt’. Studies were utilized to help this contention that were later seen as deluding. * Later it boiled down to a skirmish of semantics over the words revolting and disgusting and is the portrayal of a foul demonstration equivalent to the demonstration itself. It is intriguing to take note of that the charge of scheming to degenerate open ethics conveyed the punishment of life detainment. * Richard Neville utilized Bob Dylan’s ‘The times are a-Changin’ in his last discourse yet the tone and non-verbal communication of the appointed authority was against the barrier and he makes this extremely understood to the jury. The jury return for a meaning of indecent and afterward resigns again to choose. They see the litigants as liable on the last two checks. * The adjudicator inquires as to whether the extradition papers had been served on Neville and he gets an agreed answer. He remands them for three weeks for ‘medical and mental reports’. The litigants are brought to jail and have their hair style off. * At this point the British custom of modernization went to the fore and many emerged as an opponent of the remand. Inevitably upon the arrival of condemning the adjudicator is unaffected by the fights and sentences them all to imprison for changing terms. He likewise praises the ‘obscene Publications Squad’ for their great work. * There were fights and an intrigue was set up just like a bail hearing. The intrigue judge conceded bail apparently to mollify his young little girl and the three were discharged. At the intrigue the Chief appointed authority appeared to be on the arraignment however after lunch he excused all charges since he was persuaded there was more regrettable sex entertainment out in the lanes. * Later the analyst responsible for the case said that ‘I’m doing it for out children’. The magazine itself ceased to exist and the editors headed out in their own direction. The consequence of the preliminary was that it opened up the best approach to dispense with political control yet in addition a universe of business investigation of sex. * The Oz preliminary additionally finished these sorts of preliminaries and relatively few arraignments are directed any longer. On the off chance that they are directed they just serve to include exposure to the people preliminary. Two models that Robertson gives are Johnny Rotten’s ‘Never Mind the Bollocks’ preliminary and the Spycatcher preliminary. * Robertson completes the section by educating us concerning the play that he expounded on the case. Michael X waiting for capital punishment Robertson starts this part in Trinidad where he is visiting Michael X in the Royal Goal. He is attempting to spare him from capital punishment that he was condemned to for homicide. Robertson appears to be propelled by the longing to spare his customer and battle the death row attorneys are not ‘opposed to the discipline of the guilty’ yet rather contradicted to ‘human sacrifice’. * He discovers little assistance in customary law, which had been made by English appointed authorities previously, and the capital punishments distributed throughout the years had been utilized as ‘bulwarks of the constitution’. Capital punishment was canceled in England in 1964 and judges had needed the sentence done rapidly for an assortment of reasons. * At the Roal Goal he discovers that Michael X has not been at this point executed. Here, waiting for capital punishment, he sees parched men in little cells with just a bed and a slop can. The lights are kept on for all time and the men were inside the cells for twenty-tree hours daily. Michael himself appeared ‘quiet and self-contained’, while around him seethed. * In the jail execution orders are perused on Thursdays between two pm and four pm and a sentenced prisioner was permitted to arrange a last mean. The sentence was completed on the next Tuesday however they permitted a keep going guest on the Monday. Michael reveals to him that they can hear the snare entryway open as the man is hung. * During the sentence the official party has an hour long breakfast and the body just hangs there. After this it is brought down and the wrists are sliced, just like the ligaments in the feet. The body is then covered in the jail grounds and sober-mindedly in Jamaica in the vegetable nursery. The bodies are not discharged to families. * Robertson appears to be persuaded that his Michael X isn't the killer of four years prior Step by step instructions to refer to The path of OZ, Essay models

Critical Analysis of Crime and Punishment

Basic Analysis of Crime and Punishment Free Online Research Papers Wrongdoing and Punishment resembled no other book that I have perused in some time. The style, plot, settings and particularly characters were all totally extraordinary and in now route partner with a significant part of the books that I have as of late read. Fyodor Dostoyevsky genuinely comes to the instructing of off-base and right, and how your inner voice can get through your psyche, for example, the fundamental character Raskolnikov. The story line has an examination of the powers that affect a man toward wrongdoing, enduring and elegance. This plot has the astounding quality of what makes Crime and Punishment a genuine great. The books vital principle character, Raskolnikov, makes for an ideal formula in the book. He is a forlorn man living all alone with much obligation on his hands. He carries out a wrongdoing, by killing a pawn shop woman, so as to get cash to take care of every one of his difficulties. In any case, after he carries out his wrongdoing, he runs off, taking basically nothing from the lady he had intentionally murdered, aside from a long excursion of wretchedness. Raskolnikov remained very, until analysts started to go under his skin just as his still, small voice. He was unable to live in harmony any longer until his messy deed was uncovered so as to encapsulate harmony. This character, just as numerous others in the story, remains the point of convergence of the puzzling soul of mankind. The plot shows how one can envision things, or nearly go crazy if not taken to the legitimate truth in ones soul. It shows that living an untruth can demolish ones wellbeing and can bring about a total completion. The primary character shows how life in an untruth and enduring is the key towards another start. Enduring can lead somebody into feeling the lost joy, and the main way it tends to be found is by anguish. This book named valid statements in human qualities and how a disturbed character can prompt a fresh start with another revelation. A portion of the characteristics of the book that were good was the plot. I delighted in the style and language and the exercises instructed all through the content. I appreciated how the storyline was about a riddle that was at that point uncovered in the start of the book, however it despite everything kept the crowd needing to become familiar with the still baffling character. Another subject that captivated me about this book is that it some what identifies with Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It is fascinating to find out about a remote creator and session the difficulties throughout their life that lead to a fruitful and exemplary story to writing today. There was one quality that I for one didn't care for about this book. I didn't support the way that this book was an interpretation. It was composed well, however some of the time words can get changed, and the entire effect of an inscription can be changed just by one single word. Interpretations can't generally mean something very similar in another dialect and can change the inclination that a writer may have been attempting to depict in a specific area of the book. Generally speaking the book was an incredible perused and I do prescribe it to whatever other individual whom may jump at the chance to find out about riddle and suspension. The book took various degrees of states of mind and kept me intrigued all through the entire time. That numerous characters and circumstances that were acquainted made me need with read progressively a more so as to find the genuine importance of the primary character. Raskolnikov’s sentiments and inner voice and furthermore his difficult work towards joy made this a decent read. The regularly changing disposition made the plot all the more fascinating section by part. Likewise regardless of the length of the book, it was intriguing to peruse such an interesting entry about the human characteristics of their still, small voice and how satisfaction is just met by truth and genuineness. The distinction between the great and underhandedness rehashes its self all over to show a real existence exercise in Crime and Punishment. Research Papers on Critical Analysis of Wrongdoing and PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the significance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMind TravelThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art

Flourish and Blogs

Flourish and Blogs So in between reading applications Ive been sitting in on CMS.790: Media Theories and Methods, the introductory course for the Comparative Media Studies graduate program. I really love the whole CMS / Media Lab  side of MIT, and especially love their nexus, MITs Center for Civic Media, so I was super-excited with the opportunity to take CMS.790, which is sort of a broad overview of media studies at the graduate level. Anyway, a few weeks ago Professor Uricchio told us we would be having a guest lecture on fan studies. And who should walk in to deliver the lecture but Flourish Klink. Now, Flourish as you will soon learn is known around campus as a CMS alumna, MIT lecturer, and cofounder of what might be thought of as a fandom consulting company. I know Flourish, however, because a little over a decade ago, in junior high, we were members of the same Harry Potter Yahoo! Group fan club, and helped her and others cofound what was, for a time, the largest Harry Potter fanfiction community on the Internet, the now-mostly-defunct FictionAlley.org (though thankfully Schnoogle is still up). So everyone in the room is going around introducing themselves with their names and their fancy-sounding graduate research projects pitches. And then it comes to me, and I raise my hand, wave, and say: Hey Flourish! Im Chris. I work over in admissions. A decade ago we worked on FictionAlley together. I was in the group that fled FanFiction.net in the Great Exodus, and was a bit character in the exodus autobiographic opus as Chris the House Elf. Sup. Everyone else just looked really confused but Flourishs jaw dropped to the table. After a few seconds of shocked silence she raised her hands in the air (rushing past her turquoise hair) as she excitedly announced: Ooh!! Ooh!! Its like the Internet has come to visit me! Which might be my alltime favorite way to have been greeted by anyone ever. Anyway, after class, I asked Flourish if I could interview her for the blogs. While Flourish did not go to MIT as an undergraduate, she did come here for grad school, and now she teaches undergrads at MIT. I thought it would be really cool to ask someone who managed to turn her love of Harry Potter (and other things) into a career how she did what she did, and what advice she might have for other people who might want to do the same. Who are you exactly? Im Flourish Klink. Im a lecturer at MIT, and Im the Chief Participation Officer for the Alchemists Transmedia Storytelling Co. Im also a longtime Harry Potter fan, and the lead organizer for Ascendio 2012, a Harry Potter fan convention to be held in Florida in June. What do you do at MIT? Like I said above, Im a lecturer in the Comparative Media Studies department. That is, I teach classes like Introduction to Media Studies, Fans Fan Culture, and Transmedia Storytelling. How did you find MIT? When did you figure out you could be a fan for a living? These two questions are deeply intertwined! When I was a teenager, I was contacted by Henry Jenkins, who at the time was a professor at MIT. He wanted to interview me for his book Convergence Culture. That was the first time I ever thought of MIT as someplace other than just an engineering school. But as an undergrad, MIT wasnt for me my childhood best friend went off to MIT, but I decided Id rather go to a small school. So I went to Reed College, where I definitely got a very traditional liberal arts education! There, even though I knew I could be a fan for a living by studying fans in academia, I thought that fandom was still too unserious for me. I toyed with being a Classics major and eventually ended up majoring in Religion. But even while I was studying Catholicism, I realized that the things that appealed most to me about Classics and Religion were the aspects of them that connected up with fandom! So I applied to grad school at MIT, to be Henrys student in the Comparative Me dia Studies program. And thats all she wrote! If you could bring any Harry Potter character to life and be friends with them, who would it be and why? I think a lot of my friends think it would be Hermione, but actually, no I think shed be very irritating and Id want to meddle in her life and tell her that Rons just not good enough for her! Id rather be friends with Tonks. She seems like so much fun. Plus, we could have contrasting hair colors! How is MIT similar to and different from Hogwarts? Lets see. Like Hogwarts, MIT has miles and miles of twisty little passages that often seem like they lead different places on different days of the week! Also like Hogwarts, students actually get to do practical work with potentially dangerous substances, which sometimes looks like magic (Any technology sufficiently advanced). Theres also a bit of healthy rivalry between different dorms, like between the Houses at Hogwarts I knew that I had started to fit in at MIT when one of my students told me that my bright teal hair was so east campus. Unlike Hogwarts, though, MIT is completely full of students who are top notch at what they do. There is no Crabbe Goyle at MIT. That can be really hard to realize for some students who have come from a high school where they were always A1 you can be a supergenius and still be at the bottom of your class at MIT. It happens! But you shouldnt let it freak you out: you will be just fine. What is your favorite part about MIT? Roof tunnel hacking! I love exploring the strange places on campus, and its the one reason I wish I had done my undergrad here (even though really I know it was a good choice for me, personally, to go to Reed). Since Im a lecturer now, I cant really be a hacker I can only admire what my students do. What is something you always hope you keep doing, in your jobs and/or in your life? Being honest with myself and others. One of the great things about academia is that you are removed from some of the constraints which can make it hard to speak your mind. Im pretty devoted to being part of the commercial sector as well, advising the entertainment industry on fan culture and so on, but I never want to be in a situation where Im twisting the truth or fudging data to make a sale, as it were. MIT is a great place to have that kind of intellectual freedom, and being here has helped me understand how much I value that.

Psychoactive Drug Addiction - 2235 Words

A narrow definition of the term addiction refers to habitual psychological and physiological dependence on a substance beyond one s voluntary control. Terms such as workaholic, sex addict, and computer junkie arose to describe behaviors that have features in common with alcoholism and other substance addictions. Substance addiction is a multi-pronged system in which lifestyle has a role but the biology of a person s body is a major factor. These substances, which are called psychoactive drugs, are what people become addicted to and are described as chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by temporarily changing perception and awareness. There are many different theories about what addiction is and why it happens but†¦show more content†¦Once GAMA is attach to the receptor sites on the protein neurons then the channel is opened and the chloride flow freely. Allowing these negatively charged chloride ions to flow into cells causes neurons to become less active and pulse less therefore the brain is sending and receiving fewer neurotransmitters (McKim 158). As talked about earlier, different drugs influence each of these neurotransmitters differently. Each psychoactive drug has different effects on the body and different uses. The term psychoactive describes a substance that affects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), producing changes in a person s mental activity or behavior. Psychoactive drugs may affect the way an individual thinks, behaves, and analyzes. Many popular and widely used substances are psychoactive such as alcohol. Many Doctors prescribe psychoactive drugs for different reasons. Among the most important medical uses are as anesthesia for surgery and as analgesics (painkillers). Dangerous psychoactive drugs are believed to have little or no medical benefit, so are used illegally for recreational purposes including altering consciousness, improving performance, and improving mood. When drugs are used for these purposes it can eventually lead to addiction. There are 4 main categories which all psychoactive drugs fall under. These categories consist of the following hallucinogens, stimulants, depressants, and opiates. Hallucinogens can cause people toShow MoreRelatedEssay Legalization of Soft Drugs732 Words   |  3 Pagesthe pros and cons of legalizing â€Å"soft drugs†. Hard and Soft drugs are terms to distinguish between psychoactive drugs that are addictive and perceived as especially damaging and drugs that are believed to be non-addictive (or minimally addictive) and with less dangers associated with its use. The term soft drug implies that the drug causes no or insignificant harm one such drug is cannabis (marijuana).Cannabis is a psychotic drug. The main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolRead MoreContinuous Debates about the Legalization of Marijuana Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesopposition. The valid points for both sides are plentiful, and each side feels very strong about their po sition on the topic. Marijuana is a psychoactive drug used for medicinal purposes, and as an illicit drug (Earleywine 34). Marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the world today. Marijuana has a psychoactive effect, and this has made it recognized as an illegal drug. However, there are continuous debates going on about its legalization. Pros and Cons of Legalization of Medicinal Marijuana One ofRead MoreIs Marijuana A Harmful Drug Or A Beneficial Medicine?1496 Words   |  6 PagesIs marijuana a harmful drug or a beneficial medicine? A Review of the Literature Marijuana has been utilized for many years by a diverse selection of people. Each user having their own unique reasons for their strong believe in one natural plant’s ability to heal and enlighten. However the plant remains to be classified as a scheduled one. As stated by the United States Drug Enforcement Association, â€Å"drugs, substances, and certain chemicals used to make drugs are classified into five (5) distinctRead MoreMarijuana Is The Third Most Popular Recreational Drug In1030 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is the third most popular recreational drug in America, after alcohol and nicotine products. It is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves and flowers of cannabis sativa, the hemp plant. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol or also known as THC. It contains THC as well as over a hundred other cannabinoids. THC is a psychoactive chemical. Marijuana is often used for its mental and physical effects such as a â€Å"highâ €  or a â€Å"stoned† feeling. It has beenRead MoreMarijuana Is A Safe And Non Addictive Drug1094 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States the most illicitly abused drug is Marijuana, which is made from a Cannabis plant (Merrill 308). Many people have come to the conclusion that Marijuana is a safe and non-addictive drug because of the legalization of Marijuana in the United States. Unbeknown to the public, the carcinogenic compounds are actually greater in Marijuana than in cigarettes (Cohen, qtd. in Margolis 9). Subsequently, studies show that Marijuana ultimately impacts every primary system in the body (MargolisRead MoreEssay on Long and Short Term Effects of Ecstasy1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE defines the drug Ecstasy (MDMA) as a synthetic, psychoactive drug that is chemically similar to the stimulant methamphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. The drugs clinical name is MDMA (3, 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Psychoactive drugs are considered mind-altering drugs and ecstasy’s chemical structure is similar to other synthetic drugs that are known to cause brain damage. (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2009) Although Ecstasy was not made illegalRead MoreComp 2 Pursasive Paper En14201999 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom animal studies is so high that it cannot be achieved, stated in a 1995 report prepared by the World Health Organization. (Medical Marijuana Mall USA, 2013). Medical marijuana is safer than prescription drugs, alcohol, and spice. Marijuana is more beneficial to use than prescription drugs because of the lack of serious side effects. The most common side effects of marijuana are coughing, wheezing, and bronchitis. These side effects are easily taken care of by using a vaporizer or preparingRead MoreMarijuana Damages the Mind and Body Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pagesillicit drug is marijuana. People use this social drug to ease or enhance interaction (Kornblum 115). The scientific term for this commonly used drug, marijuana, is Cannabis sativa (Hasday 24). Cannabis sativa is a dioecious hemp plant and can be produced in various forms. Usually, the dried leaves, flowers, and buds of the plant is used as marijuana. In addition, the flowers of the female plant and the buds are the most vigorous part. Furthermore, the plant produces the main psychoactive substanceRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1949 Words   |  8 Pagesintended to play a role in medicine as well as being a psychoactive drug (Kilmer 45). The psychoactive element found in cannabis is known as the tetrahydrocannabinol abbreviated as THC. THC is one of the 483 compounds of the plant that have been identified. Mainly, cannabis is consumed because of its psychoactive and physiological effects that is has on the consumer. Today, marijuana is used for its medicinal values as well as a recreational drug. Other uses might include religious and spiritual ritesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned? Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Next, the active ingredient in marijuana contains mind altering chemicals called THC (9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and other related compounds made, from the cannabis plant. Not to mention, marijuana is the most widespread illegal drug used, in addition to other illicit drugs used in the United States. Also, the increase of marijuana use is high amongst the younger generation and the older generation. Granted, availability is easily accessible because of its low cost and ease of transport, from third

Assist Developmental Playgroup Staff For Children With...

entifying the information Friday October 30, 2015, I was able to assist Developmental Playgroup staff in caring for children while their parents attended a weekly Health Education and Literacy information session/class. There were a number of seven children present. Two children under the age of one, three children who are one and a half years of age, two children who were two and half years old, and an older child around the age of five. To care for the seven children, there were three staff members and a student intern (me). Purpose of the session Children who participate in Developmental Playgroup on Fridays have parents who are attending a group in order to become acquainted with health and literacy. For example, parent(s) who are†¦show more content†¦Initial observations of the client The Playgroup room was created in order to address all areas in which a child develops, so the physical climate is stimulating for children to find interests in toys that they have been exposed to. The setup of the room caters to the child’s reading, imaginative play, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, skill building, and sensory. This weekly group of children is generally small; they require a lot of attention since some children are so young and have not begun to walk, multiple children who are very active, a few of the children have a harder time with being away from their parents, and all of the children uses English as their second language. Focusing on one mother and her one and a half year old daughter, the initial observation of the two is their close attachment to one another. The mother and child are not separated often which creates some anxiety in the child when the mother chooses to leave. Content of the session On this particular day, the child had experienced a very rough time seeing her mother leave. The mother washed her child’s hands and guided her to a toy which challenges a child’s sensory processing and fine motor skills, molding and cutting Play-Doh. I began to work with the mother and child, so that she could have an easier transition when her mother decided to leave. We began to mold and cut the Play-Doh, the mother tells her child â€Å"I will be back, I love you,† and the child immediately breaks down.

Zoe’s Tale PART II Chapter Nineteen Free Essays

And wouldn’t you know. Something big was arranged. The Colonial Union showed up. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoe’s Tale PART II Chapter Nineteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now The shuttle landed and a little green man popped out. And I thought, This seems familiar. It was even the same little green man: General Rybicki. But there were differences. The first time I saw General Rybicki, he was in my front yard, and it was just him and me. This time his shuttle landed in the grassy area right in front of Croatoan’s gate, and a large chunk of the colony had turned out to see him land. He was our first visitor since we came to Roanoke, and his appearance seemed to give the idea that maybe we would finally be out of exile. General Rybicki stood in front of the shuttle and looked at the people in front of him. He waved. They cheered wildly. This went on for several minutes. It’s like people had never seen someone wave before. Finally the general spoke. â€Å"Colonists of Roanoke,† he said. â€Å"I bring you good news. Your days of hiding are over.† This was interrupted by another gout of cheering. When it calmed down, the general continued. â€Å"As I speak to you, my ship above is installing your communications satellite. Soon you will be able to send messages to friends and loved ones back on your home planets. And from here on out, all the electronic and communication equipment you had been ordered to stop using will be returned to you.† This got a huge whoop from the teenage sectors of the crowd. â€Å"We know that we have asked much from you,† Rybicki said. â€Å"I am here to tell you that your sacrifice has not been wasted. We believe that very soon now the enemy that has threatened you will be contained – and not just contained, but defeated. We couldn’t have done this without you. So for all of the Colonial Union, I thank you.† More cheering and nonsense. The general seemed to be enjoying his moment in the sun. â€Å"Now I must speak with your colony leaders to discuss how to reintegrate you into the Colonial Union. Some of this may take some time, so I ask you to be a little patient. But until then, let me just say this: Welcome back to civilization!† Now the crowd really went nuts. I rolled my eyes and looked down at Babar, who went with me to the landing. â€Å"This is what happens when you spend a year out in the wilderness,† I said. â€Å"Any dumb thing looks like entertainment.† Babar looked up at me and lolled his tongue out; I could tell he agreed with me. â€Å"Come on, then,† I said. And we walked through the crowd to the general, who I was supposed to escort back to my dad. General Rybicki saw Babar before he saw me. â€Å"Hey!† he said, and bent down for his slobbering, which Babar duly and enthusiastically applied. He was a good dog but not a hugely accurate judge of character. â€Å"I remember you,† he said to Babar, petting him. He looked up and saw me. â€Å"I remember you, too.† â€Å"Hello, General,† I said, politely. The crowd was still milling around us but quickly dispersing as folks raced to all corners of the colony to pass on what they were told. â€Å"You look taller,† he said. â€Å"It’s been a year,† I said. â€Å"And I am a growing girl. This despite being kept in the dark all this time.† The general seemed not to catch this. â€Å"Your mother said that you would be escorting me to see them. I’m a little surprised that they didn’t come out themselves,† he said. â€Å"They’ve had a busy couple of days,† I said. â€Å"As have we all.† â€Å"So colony life is more exciting than you thought it would be,† the general said. â€Å"Something like that,† I said, and then motioned. â€Å"I know my dad is very interested in talking to you, General. Let’s not keep him waiting.† I held my PDA in my hand. There was something not quite right about it. Gretchen noticed it too. â€Å"It feels weird,† she said. â€Å"It’s been so long since we carried one around. It’s like I’ve forgotten how to do it.† â€Å"You seemed to remember pretty well when we were using the ones in the information center,† I said, reminding her of how we’d spent a fair amount of the last year. â€Å"It’s different,† she said. â€Å"I didn’t say I’d forgotten how to use one. I’m saying I’ve forgotten what it was like to carry one around. Two different things.† â€Å"You could always give it back,† I said. â€Å"I didn’t say that,† Gretchen said, quickly. Then she smiled. â€Å"Still, you have to wonder. In the last year people here actually did manage to get along without them just fine. All the hootenannies and the plays and the other stuff.† She looked at her PDA. â€Å"Makes you wonder if they’re all going to go away now.† â€Å"I think they’re part of who we are now,† I said. â€Å"As Roanokers, I mean.† â€Å"Maybe,† Gretchen said. â€Å"It’s a nice thought. We’ll have to see if it’s actually true.† â€Å"We could practice a new song,† I said. â€Å"Hickory says Dickory’s been wanting to try something new for a while now.† â€Å"That’s funny,† Gretchen said. â€Å"One of your bodyguards has become a musical fiend.† â€Å"He’s a Roanoker too,† I said. â€Å"I guess he is,† Gretchen said. â€Å"That’s funny, too.† My PDA blinked; something happened with Gretchen’s as well. She peered at hers. â€Å"It’s a message from Magdy,† she said. â€Å"This is going to be bad.† She touched the PDA to open it. â€Å"Yup,† she said, and showed me the picture. Magdy sent a short video of him mooning us. â€Å"Some people are getting back into the swing of things sooner than others,† I said. â€Å"Unfortunately,† Gretchen said. She tapped onto her PDA. â€Å"There,† she said. â€Å"I made a note to kick his ass the next time I see him.† She motioned at my PDA. â€Å"He send it to you, too?† â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"I think I’ll refrain from opening it.† â€Å"Coward,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Well, then, what is going to be your first official act on your PDA?† â€Å"I’m going to send a message to a certain two someones,† I said. â€Å"And tell them that I want to see them alone.† â€Å"We apologize for being late,† Hickory said to me, as it and Dickory stepped into my bedroom. â€Å"Major Perry and General Rybicki gave us priority status on a data packet so that we could communicate with our government. It took some time to prepare the data.† â€Å"What did you send?† I asked. â€Å"Everything,† Hickory said. â€Å"Everything,† I said. â€Å"Every single thing you two and I did in the last year.† â€Å"Yes,† Hickory said. â€Å"A digest of events now, and a more comprehensive report as soon as we can. Our people will be desperate to know what has happened with you since they last heard from us. They need to know you are well and unharmed.† â€Å"This includes what happened last night,† I said. â€Å"All of it. Including the part where you oh so lightly mentioned your plans to murder my parents.† â€Å"Yes,† Hickory said. â€Å"We are sorry to have upset you, Zoe. We would not have wished to do that. But you offered us no alternative when you told us to speak the truth to your parents.† â€Å"And what about to me?† I asked. â€Å"We have always told you the truth,† Hickory said. â€Å"Yes, but not all of it, have you?† I said. â€Å"You told Dad that you had information about the Conclave that you didn’t tell him about. But you didn’t tell it to me, either. You kept secrets from me, Hickory. You and Dickory both.† â€Å"You never asked,† Hickory said. â€Å"Oh, don’t give me that crap,† I said. â€Å"We’re not playing word games here, Hickory. You kept us in the dark. You kept me in the dark. And the more I’ve thought about it, the more I realize how you acted on what you knew without telling me. All those alien races you had me and Gretchen study in the information center. All the races you trained us how to fight. Hardly any of them were in the Conclave. Because you knew that if the Conclave found us first, they’d try everything not to fight us.† â€Å"Yes,† Hickory said. â€Å"Don’t you think I should have known that?† I asked. â€Å"Don’t you think it would have mattered to me? To all of us? To the entire colony?† â€Å"We are sorry, Zoe,† Hickory said. â€Å"We had orders from our government not to reveal information to your parents that they did not already know, until such time as it became absolutely necessary. That would have only been if the Conclave were to appear in your sky. Until then, we were required to exercise care. If we had spoken to you about it, you would have naturally informed your parents. And so we decided that we would not bring these things up with you, unless you asked us directly about them.† â€Å"And why would I do that?† I asked. â€Å"Indeed,† Hickory said. â€Å"We regret the necessity. But we saw no other alternative.† â€Å"Listen to me, both of you,† I said, and then stopped. â€Å"You’re recording this now, aren’t you.† â€Å"Yes,† Hickory said. â€Å"We always record, unless you tell us otherwise. Would you like us to stop recording?† â€Å"No,† I said. â€Å"I actually want all of you to hear this. First, I forbid you to harm my parents in any way. Ever.† â€Å"Major Perry has already informed us that he would surrender the colony rather than destroy it,† Hickory said. â€Å"Since this is true there is no reason to harm either him or Lieutenant Sagan.† â€Å"It doesn’t matter,† I said. â€Å"Who knows if there’s going to be another time you decide it’s going to be necessary to try to get rid of John and Jane?† â€Å"It seems unlikely,† Hickory said. â€Å"I don’t care if it’s more likely that I was going to sprout wings,† I said. â€Å"I didn’t think it was ever possible that you might think to kill my parents, Hickory. I was wrong about that. I’m not going to be wrong about it again. So swear it. Swear you will never harm my parents.† Hickory spoke briefly to Dickory in their own language. â€Å"We swear it,† Hickory said. â€Å"Swear it for all Obin,† I said. â€Å"We cannot,† Hickory said. â€Å"That is not something we can promise. It is not within our power. But neither Dickory nor I will seek to harm your parents. And we will defend them against all those who would try to harm them. Even other Obin. This we swear to you, Zoe.† It was the last part of this that made me believe Hickory. I hadn’t asked him to defend John and Jane, just not harm them. Hickory added it in. They both did. â€Å"Thank you,† I said. I felt as if I were suddenly coming unwound; until that second I didn’t realize how worked up I was just sitting there, talking about this. â€Å"Thank you both. I really needed to hear that.† â€Å"You are welcome, Zoe,† Hickory said. â€Å"Is there something else you want to ask us?† â€Å"You have files on the Conclave,† I said. â€Å"Yes,† Hickory said. â€Å"We have already given them to Lieutenant Sagan for analysis.† That made perfect sense; Jane had been an intelligence officer when she was in the Special Forces. â€Å"I want to see them, too,† I said. â€Å"Everything you have.† â€Å"We will provide them to you,† Hickory said. â€Å"But there is a lot of information, and not all of it is easy to understand. Lieutenant Sagan is far more qualified to work with this information.† â€Å"I’m not saying give it to me and not her,† I said. â€Å"I just want to see it too.† â€Å"If you wish,† Hickory said. â€Å"And anything else that you might get from your government on the Conclave,† I said. â€Å"And I mean all of it, Hickory. None of this ‘you didn’t ask directly’ junk from now on. We’re done with that. Do you understand me?† â€Å"Yes,† Hickory said. â€Å"You understand that the information we receive might in itself be incomplete. We are not told everything.† â€Å"I know,† I said. â€Å"But you still seem to know more than we do. And I want to understand what we’re up against. Or were, anyway.† â€Å"Why do you say ‘were’?† Hickory asked. â€Å"General Rybicki told the crowd today that the Conclave was about to be defeated,† I said. â€Å"Why? Do you know any different?† â€Å"We do not know any different,† Hickory said. â€Å"But we do not think that just because General Rybicki says something in public to a large crowd, it means he is telling the truth. Nor does it mean that Roanoke itself is entirely out of danger.† â€Å"But that doesn’t make any sense,† I said. I held up my PDA to Hickory. â€Å"We were told we can use these again. That we can use all of our electronics again. We had stopped using them because they would give us away. If we’re allowed to use them again, we don’t have to worry about being given away.† â€Å"That is one interpretation of the data,† Hickory said. â€Å"There’s another?† I asked. â€Å"The general did not say that the Conclave had been defeated, but that he believed they would be defeated,† Hickory said. â€Å"That is correct?† â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"Then it is possible that the general means for Roanoke to play a part in the defeat of the Conclave,† Hickory said. â€Å"In which case, it is not that you are being allowed to use your electronics because it is safe. You are being allowed to use them because you are now bait.† â€Å"You think the Colonial Union is leading the Conclave here,† I said, after a minute. â€Å"We offer no opinion one way or another,† Hickory said. â€Å"We note only that it is possible. And it fits what data we have.† â€Å"Have you told my dad about this?† I asked. â€Å"We have not – † Hickory began, but I was already out the door. â€Å"Close the door behind you,† Dad said. I did. â€Å"Who have you talked to about this?† he asked. â€Å"Hickory and Dickory, obviously,† I said. â€Å"No one else.† â€Å"No one?† Dad asked. â€Å"Not even Gretchen?† â€Å"No,† I said. Gretchen had gone off to harass Magdy for sending her that video. I was beginning to wish I had gone with her instead of making Hickory and Dickory come to my room. â€Å"Good,† Dad said. â€Å"Then you need to keep quiet about it, Zoe. You and the alien twins.† â€Å"You don’t think what Hickory is saying is going to happen, do you?† I asked. Dad looked directly at me, and once again I was reminded how much older he was than he appeared. â€Å"It is going to happen,† he said. â€Å"The Colonial Union has laid a trap for the Conclave. We disappeared a year ago. The Conclave has been looking for us all that time, and the CU has spent all that time preparing the trap. Now it’s ready, so we’re being dragged back into view. When General Rybicki’s ship goes back, they’re going to let it leak where we are. The news will get back to the Conclave. The Conclave will send its fleet here. And the Colonial Union will destroy it. That’s the plan, anyway.† â€Å"Is it going to work?† I asked. â€Å"I don’t know,† Dad said. â€Å"What happens if it doesn’t?† I asked. Dad laughed a very small and bitter laugh. â€Å"If it doesn’t, then I don’t think the Conclave is going to be in any mood for negotiations,† he said. â€Å"Oh, God,† I said. â€Å"We have to tell people, Dad.† â€Å"I know we do,† he said. â€Å"I tried keeping things from the colonists before, and it didn’t work very well.† He was talking about the werewolves there, and I reminded myself that when all this was done I needed to come clean to him about my own adventures with them. â€Å"But I also don’t need another panic on our hands. People have been whipsawed enough in the last couple of days. I need to figure out a way to tell people what the CU has planned without putting them in fear for their lives.† â€Å"Despite the fact they should be,† I said. â€Å"That is the catch,† Dad said, and gave another bitter chuckle. Then he looked at me. â€Å"It’s not right, Zoe. This whole colony is built on a lie. Roanoke was never intended to be a real colony, a viable colony. It exists because our government needed a way to thumb its nose at the Conclave, to defy its colonization ban, and to buy time to build a trap. Now that it’s had that time, the only reason our colony exists is to be a goat at a stake. The Colonial Union doesn’t care about us for who we are, Zoe. It only cares about us for what we are. What we represent to them. What they can use us for. Who we are doesn’t actually enter into it.† â€Å"I know the feeling,† I said. â€Å"I’m sorry,† Dad said. â€Å"I’m getting both abstract and depressed.† â€Å"It’s not abstract, Dad,† I said. â€Å"You’re talking to the girl whose life is a treaty point. I know what it means to be valued for what I am rather than who I am.† Dad gave me a hug. â€Å"Not here, Zoe,† he said. â€Å"We love you for you. Although if you want to tell your Obin friends to get off their asses and help us, I wouldn’t mind.† â€Å"Well, I did get Hickory and Dickory to swear not to kill you,† I said. â€Å"So that’s progress, at least.† â€Å"Yes, baby steps in the right direction,† Dad said. â€Å"It’ll be nice not to have to worry about being knifed by members of my household.† â€Å"There’s always Mom,† I said. â€Å"Trust me, if I ever annoyed her that much, she wouldn’t use something as painless as a knife,† Dad said. He kissed me on the cheek. â€Å"Thanks for coming to tell me what Hickory said, Zoe,† he said. â€Å"And thanks for keeping it to yourself for now.† â€Å"You’re welcome,† I said, and then headed for the door. I stopped before I turned the handle. â€Å"Dad? How long do you think it will take before the Conclave is here?† â€Å"Not long, Zoe,† he said. â€Å"Not long at all.† In fact, it took just about two weeks. In that time, we prepared. Dad found a way to tell everyone the truth without having them panic: He told them that there was still a good chance the Conclave would find us and that the Colonial Union was planning on making a stand here; that there was still danger but that we had been in danger before, and that being smart and prepared was our best defense. Colonists called up plans to build bomb shelters and other protections, and used the excavation and construction machinery we’d kept packed up before. People kept to their work and stayed optimistic and prepared themselves as best they could, readying themselves for a life on the edge of a war. I spent my time reading the stuff Hickory and Dickory gave me, watching the videos of the colony removals, and poring through the data to see what I could learn. Hickory and Dickory were right, there was just too much of it, and lots of it in formats I couldn’t understand. I don’t know how Jane managed to keep it all straight in her head. But what was there was enough to know a few different things. First, the Conclave was huge: Over four hundred races belonged to it, each of them pledging to work together to colonize new worlds rather than compete for them. This was a wild idea; up until now all the hundreds of races in our part of space fought with each other to grab worlds and colonize them, and then once they created a new colony they all fought tooth and nail to keep their own and wipe out everyone else’s. But in the Conclave setup, creatures from all sorts of races would live on the same planet. You wouldn’t have to compete. In theory, a great idea – it beats having to try to kill everyone else in the area – but whether it would actually work was still up in the air. Which brought up the second point: It was still incredibly new. General Gau, the head of the Conclave, had worked for more than twenty years to put it together, and for most of those years it kept looking like it was going to fall apart. It didn’t help that the Colonial Union – us humans – and a few others expended a lot of energy to break it up even before it got together. But somehow Gau made it happen, and in the last couple of years had actually taken it from planning to practicality. That wasn’t a good thing for everyone who wasn’t part of the Conclave, especially when the Conclave started making decrees, like that no one who wasn’t part of the Conclave could colonize any new worlds. Any argument with the Conclave was an argument with every member of the Conclave. It wasn’t a one-on-one thing; it was a four-hundred-on-one thing. And General Gau made sure people knew it. When the Conclave started bringing fleets to remove those new colonies that other races planted in defiance, there was one ship in that fleet for every race in the Conclave. I tried to imagine four hundred battle cruisers suddenly popping up over Roanoke, and then remembered that if the Colonial Union’s plan worked, I’d see them soon enough. I stopped trying to imagine it. It was fair to wonder if the Colonial Union was insane for trying to pick a fight with the Conclave, but as big as it was, its newness worked against it. Every one of those four hundred allies had been enemies not too long ago. Each of them came in to the Conclave with its own plans and agenda, and not all of them, it seemed, were entirely convinced this Conclave thing was going to work; when it all came down, some of them planned to scoop up the choice pieces. It was still early enough for it all to fall apart, if someone applied just the right amount of pressure. It looked like the Colonial Union was planning to do that, up above Roanoke. Only one thing was keeping it all together, and that was the third thing I learned: That this General Gau was in his way a remarkable person. He wasn’t like one of those tin-pot dictators who got lucky, seized a country and gave themselves the title of Grand High Poobah or whatever. He had been an actual general for a people called the Vrenn, and had won some important battles for them when he decided that it was wasteful to fight over resources that more than one race could easily and productively share; when he started campaigning with this idea, he was thrown into jail. No one likes a troublemaker. The ruler who tossed him in jail eventually died (Gau had nothing to do with it; it was natural causes) and Gau was offered the job, but he turned it down and instead tried to get other races to sign on to the idea of the Conclave. He had the disadvantage that he didn’t get the Vrenn to go along with the idea at first; all he had to his name was an idea and a small battle cruiser called the Gentle Star, which he had gotten the Vrenn to give him after they decommissioned it. From what I could read, it seemed like the Vrenn thought they were buying him off with it, as in â€Å"here, take this, thanks for your service, go away, no need to send a postcard, bye.† But he didn’t go away, and despite the fact that his idea was insane and impractical and nuts and could never possibly work because every race in our universe hated every other race too much, it worked. Because this General Gau made it work, by using his own skills and personality to get people of all different races to work together. The more I read about him, the more it seemed like the guy was really admirable. And yet he was also the person who had ordered the killing of civilian colonists. Yes, he’d offered to move them and even offered to give them space in the Conclave. But when it came right down to it, if they wouldn’t move and they wouldn’t join, he wiped them out. Just like he would wipe us all out, if despite everything Dad told Hickory and Dickory we didn’t surrender the colony – or if, should the attack the Colonial Union had planned on the Conclave fleet go wrong, the general decided that the CU needed to be taught a lesson for daring to defy the Conclave and wiped us out just on general principles. I wasn’t so sure just how admirable General Gau would be, if at the end of the day he wouldn’t stop from killing me and every single person I cared about. It was a puzzle. He was a puzzle. I spent those two weeks trying to sort it out. Gretchen got grumpy with me that I’d been locked away without telling her what I was up to; Hickory and Dickory had to remind me to get out and work on my training. Even Jane wondered if I might not need to get outside more. The only person not to give me much grief was Enzo; since we got back together he was actually very accommodating about my schedule. I appreciated that. I made sure he knew. He seemed to appreciate that. And then just like that we all ran out of time. The Gentle Star, General Gau’s ship, appeared above our colony one afternoon, disabled our communications satellite so Gau could have some time to chat, and then sent a message to Roanoke asking to meet with the colony leaders. John replied that he would meet with him. That evening, as the sun set, they met on the ridge outside the colony, about a klick away. â€Å"Hand me the binoculars, please,† I said to Hickory, as we climbed out to the roof of the bungalow. It obliged me. â€Å"Thanks,† I said. Dickory was below us, on the ground; old habits die hard. Even with the binoculars General Gau and Dad were little more than dots. I looked anyway. I wasn’t the only one; on other roofs, in Croatoan and in the homesteads, other people sat on roofs with binoculars and telescopes, looking at Dad and the general, or scanning the sky, looking in the dusk for the Gentle Star. As night finally fell, I spotted the ship myself; a tiny dot between two stars, shining unblinkingly where the other stars twinkled. â€Å"How long until the other ships arrive, do you think?† I asked Hickory. The Gentle Star always arrived first, alone, and then at Gau’s command, the hundreds of other ships would appear, a not-at-all-subtle bit of showmanship to get a reluctant colony leader to agree to get his or her people to leave their homes. I had watched it on previous colony removal videos. It would happen here, too. â€Å"Not long now,† Hickory said. â€Å"By now Major Perry will have refused to surrender the colony.† I took down my binoculars and glanced over to Hickory in the gloom. â€Å"You don’t seem concerned about this,† I said. â€Å"That’s a different tune than you were singing before.† â€Å"Things have changed,† Hickory said. â€Å"I wish I had your confidence,† I said. â€Å"Look,† Hickory said. â€Å"It has begun.† I glanced up. New stars had begun to appear in the sky. First one or two, then small groups, and then entire constellations. So many had begun to appear it was impossible to track every single appearance. I knew there were four hundred. It seemed like thousands. â€Å"Dear God,† I said, and I was afraid. Truly afraid. â€Å"Look at them all.† â€Å"Do not fear this attack, Zoe,† Hickory said. â€Å"We believe this plan will work.† â€Å"You know the plan?† I asked. I didn’t take my eyes off the sky. â€Å"We learned of it this afternoon,† Hickory said. â€Å"Major Perry told us, as a courtesy to our government.† â€Å"You didn’t tell me,† I said. â€Å"We thought you knew,† Hickory said. â€Å"You said you had spoken to Major Perry about it.† â€Å"We talked about the Colonial Union attacking the Conclave fleet,† I said. â€Å"But we didn’t talk about how.† â€Å"My apologies, Zoe,† Hickory said. â€Å"I would have told you.† â€Å"Tell me now,† I said, and then something happened in the sky. The new stars started going nova. First one or two, then small groups, and then entire constellations. So many expanded and brightened that they had begun to blend into each other, forming an arm of a small and violent galaxy. It was beautiful. And it was the worst thing I had ever seen. â€Å"Antimatter bombs,† Hickory said. â€Å"The Colonial Union learned the identity of the ships in the Conclave fleet. It assigned members of your Special Forces to locate them and plant the bombs just before the jump here. Another Special Forces member here activated them.† â€Å"Bombs on how many ships?† I asked. â€Å"All of them,† Hickory said. â€Å"All but the Gentle Star.† I tried to turn to look at Hickory but I couldn’t move my eyes from the sky. â€Å"That’s impossible,† I said. â€Å"No,† Hickory said. â€Å"Not impossible. Extraordinarily difficult. But not impossible.† From other roofs and from the streets of Croatoan, cheers and shouts lifted into the air. I finally turned away, and wiped the tears off my face. Hickory noticed. â€Å"You cry for the Conclave fleet,† it said. â€Å"Yes,† I said. â€Å"For the people on those ships.† â€Å"Those ships were here to destroy the colony,† Hickory said. â€Å"I know,† I said. â€Å"You are sorry they were destroyed,† Hickory said. â€Å"I am sorry that we couldn’t think of anything better,† I said. â€Å"I’m sorry that it had to be us or them.† â€Å"The Colonial Union believes this will be a great victory,† Hickory said. â€Å"It believes that destroying the Conclave’s fleet in one engagement will cause the Conclave to collapse, ending its threat. This is what it has told my government.† â€Å"Oh,† I said. â€Å"It is to be hoped they are correct,† Hickory said. I was finally able to look away and face Hickory. The afterimages of the explosions placed blotches all around it. â€Å"Do you believe they are correct?† I asked. â€Å"Would your government believe it?† â€Å"Zoe,† Hickory said. â€Å"You will recall that just before you left for Roanoke, my government invited you to visit our worlds.† â€Å"I remember,† I said. â€Å"We invited you because our people longed to see you, and to see you among us,† Hickory said. â€Å"We also invited you because we believed that your government was going to use Roanoke as a ruse to open a battle against the Conclave. And while we did not know whether this ruse would be successful, we believed strongly that you would have been safer with us. There is no doubt that your life has been in danger here, Zoe, both in ways we had foreseen and in ways that we could not. We invited you, Zoe, because we feared for you. Do you understand what I am saying to you?† â€Å"I do,† I said. â€Å"You asked me if I believe the Colonial Union is correct, that this is a great victory, and if my government would believe the same,† Hickory said. â€Å"My response is to say that once again my government extends an invitation to you, Zoe, to come visit our worlds, and to travel safe among them.† I nodded, and looked back to the sky, where stars were still going nova. â€Å"And when would you want this trip to begin?† I asked. â€Å"Now,† Hickory said. â€Å"Or as close to now as possible.† I didn’t say anything to that. I looked up to the sky, and then closed my eyes and for the first time, started to pray. I prayed for the crews of the ships above me. I prayed for the colonists below me. I prayed for John and Jane. For Gretchen and her father. For Magdy and for Enzo and their families. For Hickory and Dickory. I prayed for General Gau. I prayed for everyone. I prayed. â€Å"Zoe,† Hickory said. I opened my eyes. â€Å"Thank you for the invitation,† I said. â€Å"I regret I must decline.† Hickory was silent. â€Å"Thank you, Hickory,† I said. â€Å"Really, thank you. But I am right where I belong.† How to cite Zoe’s Tale PART II Chapter Nineteen, Essay examples

Molar Mass Determination by Depression free essay sample

The most commonly used liquid is water. In this experiment we study the equilibria that can exist between pure water and an aqueous solution, and ice, the solid form of water. The heat will transfer from a higher temperature toa lower temperature. In order for water to change states of matter, it takes a certain amount of kinetic energy or heat. The shift from ice to water (solid to a liquid) is called the heat of fusion. The shift from water to ice is called the freezing point of water, which the standard is usually OOC. This is the point in which water and ice are at equilibrium. The freezing point Tf0, the vapor pressure of water and ice must be equal. If you add a soluble liquid or solid to the equilibrium mixture, the temperature of the ice and the solution will fall until it reaches equilibrium. The vapor pressure of water at OOC is less than that of a pure liquid. We will write a custom essay sample on Molar Mass Determination by Depression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The temperature of the new solution will change the in which it reaches equilibrium or the new freezing point Tf. The new reezing point will be below the freezing point of the pure liquid. ATf is called the freezing point depression, which is the change in freezing point. Tflnal Tinitial = ATf . The freezing point depression is one of the colligative properties of a solution. Colligative properties include boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure, and vapor pressure lowering. When considering colligative properties it is easier to work on Molality. Molality is the solute concentration. Molality of A = no. of moles A dissolved/ no. of kg solvent in solution The boiling point elevation, Tb kbm = ATb , and the freezing point epression Tf kfm = ATf , uses the concentration. Kb and Kf are characteristics of the solvent used. They use these characteristics to find the molar mass of an unknown substance. Finding an unknown, finding two different concentrations, then with the molar mass we can associate if the solution is ionic. The ratio of the true molar mass to the value you find is equal toa quantity. If the molar mass is less than an actual value you have a ionic compound. Hoff factor is the apparent percentage dissociation. Procedure: 1. Determine the freezing point of pure water. 2. Water-ice mixture you need to add a known amount of one of you unknowns 3. Estimate the mass of your liquid to add to the mixture. 4. Measure water ice solution 5. Add solid to a water-ice mixture 6. Record mass 7. Make second molar mass measurement for you liquid unknown 8. Determine molar mass 9. Figure out % dissociation A. Freezing point (oc) pure liquid (H20) 0. 0 B. Object : Mass: (grams) Styrofoam cup 1. 72 Beaker 101. 12 Liquid Trial 1 Trial 2 Mass of liquid (grams) 9. 99 7. 96 Temperature fallen (oc) -3. 9 -3. 2 Overall mass (grams) 1 50. 29 146. 2 ATF (oc) 3. 9 3. 2 Molality 2. 10 Mass unknown 2 Mass of water final mass liquid Styrofoam cup) 138. 8 136. 52 ot solution 72. 09 58. 306 Molar Mass 34. 33 33. 90 c. Object Mass (grams) Solid (unknown 2) Mass of solid (grams) 10. 0 5. 94 -2. 5 Final Mass (grams) 195. 85 167. 75 2. 5 1 . 34 Mass solid 10 (final mass solid Styrofoam cup) 184. 13 160. 09 1 kg 54. 31 37. 10 31 . 58 27. 69 Calculation for C. Actual = 74. 55 74. 55/29. 635 = 2. 5 1=3. 5 = 3. 5-1 x 100= 250% average molar mass (31. 58+27. 6 9/2) x 250% = 75. 56 Discussion: Molar mass is a colligative property. This property allows us to study the change in states of matter and fgure out the solution. The molality of a solution gives us the concentration of the unknown. We then use the freezing point depression to establish the molality of the new substance compared to water. The 1 kgsolution gives us a concentration to establish the molar mass. If the concentration is below the actual value it is an ionic compound. This experiment was for nonvolatile substances. During this experiment, we were given a deeper understanding on how vapor pressure affects the state of matter, which a substance can affect the point in which a solution freezes. The solution changes the intermolecular forces.